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Volume 25: Pages 291-298, 2012

Redshift of a photon by interaction with the permittivity and permeability of the traversed medium: Hubble's Law in the stationary and freely extending universe

Masanori Sato^a) and Hiroki Sato

Honda Electronics Co., Ltd., 20 Oyamazuka, Oiwa-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-3193, Japan

Hubble's law can be explained as a redshift of a photon caused by its interaction with the permittivity and permeability of the medium through which it is traveling. The Hamiltonian density of the photon and medium is represented as (p_m = momentum of the medium, ρ_E = density of the medium, n_p = photon density, = Planck's constant, ω = frequency of the photon). Thus, the equation of motion is ρ_E(d²x/dt²) = −[(∂n_p/∂x)ω + n_p(∂ω/∂x)], which shows that the medium acceleration causes the redshift of the photon, which depends on traveling distance. The redshift proportional to the distance is explained as a slight energy loss of the photon by interaction with the medium.

La Loi de Hubble peut être expliquée par le décalage vers le rouge d'un photon, causé par son interaction avec la permittivité et la perméabilité du milieu dans lequel il voyage. La densité hamiltonienne du photon et du milieu est représentée par (p_m: moment du milieu, ρ_E: densité du milieu, n_p: densité du photon, : constante de Planck, ω: fréquence du photon). Ainsi, l'équation du mouvement est ρ_E(d²x/dt²) = −[(∂n_p/∂x)ω + n_p(∂ω/∂x)], ce qui montre que l'accélération du milieu induit le décalage vers le rouge du photon, qui dépend de la distance parcourue. Le décalage vers le rouge proportionnel à la distance est expliqué par une légère perte d'énergie du photon par interaction avec le milieu.

Key words: Hubble's Law, Redshift, Tired Light, Stefan–Boltzmann Equation, Light Curve Width, Gravity Entanglement

Received: March 6, 2011; Accepted: April 13, 2012; Published Online: July 20, 2012

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